每個(gè)人都曾試圖在平淡的學(xué)習(xí)、工作和生活中寫(xiě)一篇文章。寫(xiě)作是培養(yǎng)人的觀察、聯(lián)想、想象、思維和記憶的重要手段。大家想知道怎么樣才能寫(xiě)一篇比較優(yōu)質(zhì)的范文嗎？接下來(lái)小編就給大家介紹一下優(yōu)秀的范文該怎么寫(xiě)，我們一起來(lái)看一看吧。
三年級(jí)短文閱讀訓(xùn)練篇一
day john goes to work by always 76.___________ buys a piece newspaper to read on the train, so he feels 77.___________ that the time pass more day on the train he 78.___________ was reading a report about important football match.79.___________ the report was such interesting that he forgot to get off 80.___________ at his didn’t know it until he saw the sea.81.___________ he got off at the next station, and wait a long time for 82.___________ a train to go arrived very lately at the office.83.___________ his boss was angry to him when he told him why he 84.___________ was late.“work is more importance than football!” 85.___________ the first day when i went to work in a very famous 76．___________ restaurant, my boss complained that there were very a few 77．___________ people coming for i am “invited” to have a meal in 78．___________ the ordering two french dishes and some food, 79．___________ i began to look frequently at watch timing the serving of the 80．___________ ile, i looked around to see that there was anything 81．___________ else wrong there.i wrote something improper down 82．___________ meal was not serving yet.i looked at my watch ：32 minutes 83．___________ passed!i realized that wait too long for service was the main 84．__________ reasons why the business was i wrote a report about 85．___________ my findings and presented it to the month we bought our two-year-old daughter a little are not many children of her age there we live, 76． and we thought a dog would make her less were 77． play together happily all daughter now 78． smiles and laughs a lot more than she a way it 79．
is like having two children in the of them are 80． very untidy, but they cry when they do not get what they 81． dog is easy to look after than my daughter.82． he always eats up all his food and we don’t have piles of 83． dirty clothes to wife is also happy because of 84． i have given up dog doesn’t like the smell.85．
6.i went shopping with my have a lot of things to 1._________ buy drove to the center of the city and stopped 2._________ our car in front of the hour late, we came back 3._________ to the it was strange that we couldn't open 4._________ the we asked policeman for was 5._________ glad to help us.a few minute later, he got the door open.6._________ just then a man came up and shouted angrily.“how are 7._________ you doing with my car ” we were surprising and went to 8._________ see the number of the you think we did then 9._________ we had to speak sorry to the man again and again.10._________ my opinion, there are advantages and disadvantages 76.______ traveling both by plane and by by plane is 77.______ time-saving, comfortably, and you can have a good rest 78.______ on the it is too you travel by 79.______ train, it is not expensive and quite safety and you can 80.______ appreciate the beautiful sceneries on both sides of the 81.______ r, it was too crowded and time-wasting, 82.______ and we can take a good you can see every 83.______ coin has two 'd better to choose either of 84.______ them depending on your own interest or economy.85.______
worried, i have accepted your letter and i'm glad to give you some 76.__________ in all, don't be students 77.__________ find it difficulty to write my opinion, if you want to 78.__________ improve your writing, and you can do several , 79.__________ do some study with phrases and sentence , 80.__________ read as much as are many things can't be 81.__________ must see it in books many you'll 82.__________ be able to use them correctly , in order to write 83.__________ well, you must learn to read y, you'd better to 84.__________ recite some good luck for you in your cousin and i usually stay out late with some friends on saturday evenings, left grandpa alone at home.71.___ it was so cold yesterday, however, that none of us wanted 72.____ to suffer from the frozen wind after dinner we 73.____ stay at home sitting around a fire and listening to grandpa 74.____ tell his experiences in second world fact they 75.____ sounded familiar to us, so we were still listening attentively 76.____ so as to make him be and then we asked grandpa 77.____ some questions, that he answered in a humorous 78.____ burst out laughing from time to time and he laughed too.79.____ full of joy, we all felt especially warm in the cold evening.80.____ is known to all that the internet is playing 76________ a more and more important part on our daily life.77________ on it, we can not only read news at home or abroad 78_________ but also get much information as instance, 79_________ we are often send e-mails or make telephone calls 80 _______ to our families as well as our r, 81 _______ we can go to school on the net, read different 82 _______ kind of books and even teach ourselves can also enjoy music, watching sports and play computer can even do shopping without left our homes.83 _______ 84 ________ 85 _______ ⑴ 76.√ ---and ---saw ---make 81.∧and/so 82 they—she t—concerts ⑵ 76．job 77．去掉been 78． a 79．experience 80． received 81． 去掉was/加who 82．your-my 83．√ 84． read 85． really 改為 train 77.去掉 piece。 改為 passes。ant 前加 an 改為 so。81.此行無(wú)錯(cuò)。 改為 waited。 改為 late。 改為 with。ance 改為 important。
--on 77 a / 78 was 79 right the /my 81that--whether /if 82 secretly 84 waiting ⑸ 76．there改為where 77．a(chǎn)lone改為lonely 78．days改為day 79．used改為used to 80．a(chǎn)ll改為both 81．but改為and 82．easy改為easier 83．無(wú)錯(cuò) 84．去掉of 85．smoke改為smoking 改為had 去掉 改為later 4.正確 后加a 改為 minutes 改為what sing改為surprised 后加do 改為 say —in —travelin9 tably--comfortable --if --safe 81.正確 —is 后加not 84.去掉to --and ⑻ed→received →of ulty→difficult 79.去掉and 80.對(duì) 后加that →them →so 84.去掉to →to
-leaving -neither -freezing -stayed 后面加the -but/yet 去掉 -which -on ⑽ →it →in →and ⌒much as r →besides 82.∨ →kinds ng →watch →leaving
⑾ ed→received 77.去掉more, e后加of, →another →said →or兩,三天用two or three →soon fast指動(dòng)作的迅速,soon指時(shí)間“盡快地”.84.√ y→happy
⑿ 76.√→are →feel ore→however 80.∧little→a a little boy 81.去掉not 后的to →playing →as →grades“分?jǐn)?shù)”, →in
⒀ →had 77.√ 78去掉but 79.去 掉him ers →shoulder → taken 后加 not →i n后加to ⒁ g—called —or ——died 6.√—both 8.去掉not 前加a —dance
三年級(jí)短文閱讀訓(xùn)練篇二
短文一：
一天，公雞對(duì)青蛙說(shuō)：“我的本領(lǐng)最大，太陽(yáng)是我叫出來(lái)的?！鼻嗤苷f(shuō)：“你夜里能把太陽(yáng)叫出來(lái)嗎？”公雞邊走邊說(shuō)：“能！”
這天夜里，公雞大聲叫起來(lái)。過(guò)了一會(huì)兒，外面真的亮了。公雞可高興了。哪想，主人把雞關(guān)了起來(lái)。原來(lái)，公雞看到的是電燈的光。第二天，太陽(yáng)從東方升起來(lái)了。
1、文中共有（）個(gè)自然段。
2、下列正確的說(shuō)法是（）①太陽(yáng)是公雞叫出來(lái)的。②太陽(yáng)是從東方升起來(lái)的。
3、用——”在原文畫(huà)出公雞說(shuō)的大話。
短文
（二）羊媽媽收菜 羊媽媽帶著小羊到菜園去收菜。
他們走到蘿卜地里。羊媽媽拔了一個(gè)蘿卜。小羊要吃蘿卜葉子。羊媽媽說(shuō)：“蘿卜的根最好吃?！?/p>
他們走到白菜地里。羊媽媽拔了一棵小白菜。小羊要吃白菜的根。羊媽媽說(shuō)：“白菜的葉子才好吃呢！”
他們走到西紅柿地里。小羊要吃西紅柿的葉子。羊媽媽說(shuō)：“要吃西紅柿的果實(shí)呀！” 1.這篇短文有（）個(gè)自然段。
2.羊媽媽帶著小羊到了哪些地方？
答：（１）（２）（３）3.填空。
（１）西紅柿的 好吃。（２）蘿卜的 好吃。（３）白菜的 好吃。
短文三： 好伙伴
小熊生病了，住進(jìn)了醫(yī)院。
小猴子趕來(lái)了，給小熊送來(lái)了桃子。蜜蜂飛來(lái)了，給小熊送來(lái)了蜂 蜜。百靈鳥(niǎo)也飛來(lái)了，它給小熊帶來(lái)了一支動(dòng)聽(tīng)的歌。
小熊很感動(dòng)，連聲說(shuō)：“謝謝你們，謝謝你們！” 1．按課文內(nèi)容填空。
（1）小熊生病了，它的好朋友()、()、()到醫(yī)院看望它。
（2）小猴給小熊送來(lái)了()，蜜蜂給小熊送來(lái)了()，百靈鳥(niǎo)給小熊送來(lái)了()。
（3）這篇小短文一共有()個(gè)自然段，第二自然段里有()句話。2．小熊生病了，為什么小猴送的是桃子，蜜蜂送蜂蜜，百靈鳥(niǎo)送歌？
3．你認(rèn)為小熊最喜歡誰(shuí)送的禮物？為什么？
三年級(jí)短文閱讀訓(xùn)練篇三
。
文學(xué)常識(shí)積累
《夸父逐日》選自《》，體裁：。
《 共工怒觸不周山》選自《》，《淮南子》又名《淮南鴻烈》，是西漢淮南王劉安及其門(mén)客集體撰寫(xiě)的一部著作。我們?cè)谄吣昙?jí)上冊(cè)學(xué)過(guò)他的一篇寓言《》，就選自這里。答案：《山海經(jīng)· 海外北經(jīng)》；神話故事； 《淮南子》；《塞翁失馬》
四、字詞句積累
（一）、看拼音寫(xiě)漢字或看漢字寫(xiě)拼音
昔者（）顓頊（）水潦（）飲于河、wèi（）
北飲大zé（）天柱折（）
答案：xīzhuānxū lǎo渭澤zhé
(二)、重點(diǎn)字詞解釋
1、與日逐走（）
2、夸父逐日（）
3、北飲大澤（）
4、共工怒觸不周山（）
5、昔者（）
6、地維絕（）
7、故水潦塵埃歸（）
答案：
1、競(jìng)跑，賽跑；
2、追趕太陽(yáng)；
3、大湖；
4、碰、撞；
5、從前；
6、斷；
7、積水
（三）、重點(diǎn)句子翻譯
1、夸父與日逐走，入日
2、未至，道渴而死
3、天柱折，地維絕
4、天傾西北，故日月星辰移焉
5、地不滿東南，故水潦塵埃歸焉
答案：
1、夸父與太陽(yáng)競(jìng)跑，一直追趕到太陽(yáng)落下的地方。
2、還沒(méi)趕到大湖，就半路渴死了。
3、支撐天的柱子折了，系掛地的繩子斷了。
4、天向西北方傾斜，所以日月星辰都朝西北方移動(dòng)。
5、大地的東南角陷塌了，所以江河泥沙朝東南角流去。
（四）、詞類活用
北飲大澤：北：名詞作狀語(yǔ)，向北
（五）、古今異義詞
1、夸父與日逐走
2、飲于河、渭
答案：走：古義：跑；今義：行走
河：古義：專指黃河；泛指各種河流
（六）、一詞多義
1、足：河、渭不足（）不足為外人道也（）《桃花源記》
2、絕：地維絕（）夜久語(yǔ)聲絕（）
佛印絕類彌勒（）《核舟記》
奇山異水，天下獨(dú)絕（）《與朱元思書(shū)》
3、故：故日月星辰移焉（）
過(guò)故人莊（）《過(guò)故人莊》
公問(wèn)其故（）《曹劌論戰(zhàn)》
桓候故使人問(wèn)之（）《扁鵲見(jiàn)蔡桓公》
答案：
1、夠；值得；
2、斷；消失；極；絕妙；
3、所以；舊、原來(lái)；原因；特意
（七）、成語(yǔ)積累
夸父逐日：比喻人有宏大的志向或巨大的力量和氣魄。
（八）、文言句式
a、省略句式：
1、“棄其杖，化為鄧林”等于“（夸父）棄其杖，化為鄧林”。譯為：他遺棄的手杖，化成桃林
2、“怒而觸不周之山”等于“（共工）怒而觸不周之山”。譯為：（共工）發(fā)怒撞不周之山
b、狀語(yǔ)后置句式：“飲于河、渭”等于“于河、渭飲”。譯為：就到黃河、渭水喝水
五、內(nèi)容及寫(xiě)法理解
1、夸父形象：勇敢追求、死而后已。兩篇文章均表現(xiàn)古代人民探索、征服自然的愿望和意志。
2、運(yùn)用了夸張的手法。
三年級(jí)短文閱讀訓(xùn)練篇四
·英譯漢練習(xí)短文·
passage1
satiricliterature1
perhapsthemoststrikingqualityofsatiricliteratureisitsfreshness,d,eydoislookatfamiliarconditionsfromaperspectivethatmakestheseconditionsseemfoolish,harmful,jarsusoutofcomplacenceintoapleasantlyshockxotemakeschivalryseemabsurd;bravenewworldridiculesthepretensionsofscience;rywassuspectedbeforecervantes2,humanistsobjectedtotheclaimsofpuresciencebeforealdoushuxley3,hemannerofexpression，thesatiricmethod,sarereadbecausetheyareaestheticallysatisfyingworksofart,estimulatingandrefreshingbecausewithcoontaneousirreverence,satirerearrangesperspectives,scramblesfamiliarobjectsintoincongruousjuxtaposition,ivedbecausereadersappreciatearefreshingstimulus,anirreverentreminderthattheyliveinaworldofplatitudinousthinking,cheapmoralizing7,servestoprodpeopleintoanawarenessoftruth,tendstoremindpeoplethatmuchofwhattheysee,hear,andreadinpopularmediaissanctimonious,sentimental,rsrarelyholdtheidealsthatmoviesattributetothem,noigentpeoplekn
1．這篇文章用詞正式，句式嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、周密、冗長(zhǎng)，文風(fēng)較為華麗。翻譯時(shí)選詞要正式，可多用四字結(jié)構(gòu)和鋪排形式。
2．cervantes:塞萬(wàn)提斯（1754-1616），西班牙偉大的作家、詩(shī)人、戲劇家。
3．a(chǎn)ldoushuxley:奧爾德斯·赫胥黎（1825-1895），英國(guó)生物學(xué)家，作家。
4．swift:斯威夫特（1667-1745），英國(guó)作家，擅長(zhǎng)用諷刺和幽默揭露社會(huì)黑暗現(xiàn)象。
5．briskness：brisk意為keenorsharpinspeechormanner。
6．secondhandopinions：不可翻譯為“二手的觀點(diǎn)”，應(yīng)該是“人云亦云的的觀點(diǎn)”。
7．cheapmoralizing：這里cheap意思不是“便宜的”，而是vulgar,contemptible;moralizing不是“道德”，而是“說(shuō)教”。
8．whentheydonothearthemexpressed：當(dāng)直譯不方便時(shí)，我們可用視點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移法：但是當(dāng)周圍人不談起時(shí)
key
諷刺文學(xué)
或許諷刺文學(xué)最突出的特點(diǎn)是它耳目一新、視角獨(dú)創(chuàng)。諷刺文學(xué)很少給人以原創(chuàng)的思想,但是它卻將人們熟悉的事情以全新的形式展現(xiàn)出來(lái)。諷刺作家并不給人以新的哲學(xué)理念。他們所做的只是從某一視角來(lái)看待一些為人熟知的事情，在這一視角下，這些事情顯得愚蠢不堪、充滿危害而又矯揉造作。諷刺作品將我們從自鳴得意中震醒，讓我們既愉快又驚詫地看到，我們從未質(zhì)疑、全盤(pán)接受的價(jià)值觀中，有很多都是錯(cuò)誤的?！短萍娴隆肥沟抿T士精神顯得荒謬可笑；《挑戰(zhàn)新世界》嘲笑了科學(xué)的自詡；《一個(gè)小小的建議》則建議食用人肉，使饑餓問(wèn)題戲劇化。這些思想中沒(méi)有一條是原創(chuàng)的：在塞萬(wàn)提斯之前就有人懷疑騎士精神；在赫胥黎之前人文主義者就反對(duì)宣稱純科學(xué)的至高無(wú)上；在斯威夫特之前人們就已經(jīng)意識(shí)到饑荒問(wèn)題。并不是思想的獨(dú)創(chuàng)而使得諷刺文學(xué)受人歡迎，而是它的表述方式、嘲諷方法使得它趣味橫生、有娛樂(lè)性。人們閱讀諷刺文學(xué)只是因?yàn)樵诿缹W(xué)上它是讓人心滿意足的藝術(shù)品，而不是因?yàn)樗诘赖律嫌幸婊騻惱砩系慕桃妗Ｋと伺d奮、爽人身心，因?yàn)樗皇沁\(yùn)用常理通識(shí)、辛言辣語(yǔ)，便將各種幻想和人云亦云的觀點(diǎn)一掃而光。諷刺文學(xué)自心而來(lái)不拘謙恭，它重新調(diào)整視角，將熟悉的事物紊雜地放置在一起，用個(gè)性化的語(yǔ)言而不是抽象的陳詞濫語(yǔ)表述出來(lái)。
諷刺作品之所以存在是因?yàn)槿藗冃枰?。它存續(xù)至今，是因?yàn)樽x者欣賞爽身怡心的刺激和不拘謙恭的告誡，它提醒讀者，他們生活的世界里充滿了陳腐的思想意識(shí)、低俗的道德說(shuō)教和愚蠢的哲學(xué)理念。諷刺作品雖然很少代表真理促成行動(dòng)，但它卻能使人們感悟到真理。諷刺作品常常告訴人們，他們?cè)诖蟊娒襟w中所看到的、聽(tīng)到的、讀到的大多是偽裝善良、多愁善感或只有部分真實(shí)。生活只在很小的程度上與大眾對(duì)它的印象相符。士兵們很少擁有電影賦予他們的理想，而普通老百姓也決不會(huì)把自己的生命無(wú)私地奉獻(xiàn)給人道主義服務(wù)。聰明人知道這些事實(shí)，但是當(dāng)周圍人不談起時(shí)，他們常常會(huì)忘記掉。
passage2
americanfolkart
whatwetodaycallamericanfolkartwas,artof,by,andforordinary,everyday1“folks”who,withincreasingprosperityandleisure,createdamarketforartofallkinds,nsofprosperous,essentiallymiddle-classrepublics—whetherancientromans,seventeenth-centurydutchburghers,ornineteenth-centuryamericans—nginthelateeighteenthcentury,theunitedstatescontainedincreasingnumberofsuchpeople,liestamericanfolkartportraitscome,notsurprisingly,fromnewengland—especiallyconnecticutandmassachusetts—forthisafewdecadesafterthesigningofthedeclarationofindependencein1776,thepopulationwaspushingwestward,andtheportraitpainterscouldbefoundatworkinwesternnewyork,ohio,kentucky,illinois,throughitsfirstcentury2asanation,theunitedstates’populationhadincreasedroughlyfivetimes,theseyears,thedemandforportraitsgrewandgrew,1839thedaguerreotypewasintroducedtoamerica,usheringintheageofphotography,andwithinagenainanoriginalportraitbecamealuxury,heheydayofportraitpainting—fromthelateeighteenthcenturyuntilthe1850’s—anyonewithamodicumofartisticabilitycouldbecomealimner,raftspeople—sign,coach,andhousepainters—
begantopaintportraitsasaprofitablesideline;sometimesatalentedmanorwomanwhobeganbysketchingfamilymembersgainedalocalreputationandwasbesiegedwithrequestsforportraits;artistsfounditworththeirwhiletopacktheirpaints,canvasses,andbrushesandtotravelthecountryside,
everyday:意為commonplace,ordinary
midwaythroughitsfirstcentury:美國(guó)獨(dú)立后50年間
portraitist：譯為“畫(huà)師”，以和前面的limner（畫(huà)家）相區(qū)別。
key
美國(guó)民間藝術(shù)
我們所說(shuō)的美國(guó)民間藝術(shù)是由普通百姓所擁有、創(chuàng)造并享受的藝術(shù)。隨著財(cái)富和閑暇與日俱增，他們創(chuàng)造了各種藝術(shù)的市場(chǎng)，特別是肖像繪畫(huà)。家境殷實(shí)的、主要是中產(chǎn)階級(jí)的市民——不管他們是古羅馬人，或是17世紀(jì)荷蘭自治城市富裕居民，抑或是19世紀(jì)的美國(guó)人——都對(duì)肖像繪畫(huà)藝術(shù)表現(xiàn)出突出的愛(ài)好。從18世紀(jì)晚期開(kāi)始，美國(guó)這一群體的數(shù)量不斷增加，而且滿足畫(huà)像要求的藝術(shù)家也不斷地增加。
勿需驚奇，美國(guó)最早的民間藝術(shù)畫(huà)像來(lái)自于新英格蘭地區(qū)——特別是康涅狄格州和.麻薩諸塞州——因?yàn)檫@一地區(qū)富裕、人口稠密，而且是濃厚藝術(shù)傳統(tǒng)的中心。1776年《獨(dú)立宣言》宣布后的幾十年中，人口不斷西徙，在紐約州西部、俄亥俄州、肯塔基州、伊利諾斯州、密蘇里州，人們隨處可見(jiàn)肖像畫(huà)師繪畫(huà)的身影。美國(guó)獨(dú)立后50年間，人口增加了近5倍，原先13個(gè)州又增加了11個(gè)。在這些歲月里，肖像繪畫(huà)的要求不斷增長(zhǎng)，直到有了照相機(jī)才算得到滿足。1839年銀版照相法傳入美國(guó)，攝影時(shí)代開(kāi)始，而且，在不超過(guò)一代人的時(shí)間內(nèi)，手工畫(huà)像就不再風(fēng)靡了。從此，人物畫(huà)像又成為了奢侈品——有錢(qián)人提出繪畫(huà)要求，專業(yè)畫(huà)家來(lái)完成繪畫(huà)。
但是在肖像繪畫(huà)的全盛時(shí)期——從18世紀(jì)晚期到19世紀(jì)50年代——任何有一點(diǎn)藝術(shù)才能的人都可以成為“畫(huà)家”，當(dāng)時(shí)的肖像畫(huà)師就是這么被人稱呼的。當(dāng)?shù)厮嚾恕獦?biāo)牌、馬車、房屋的畫(huà)師——也開(kāi)始畫(huà)人物肖像作為一個(gè)賺錢(qián)的副業(yè)。有時(shí)候有繪畫(huà)天賦的男子或婦女一開(kāi)始只給家庭成員勾勒畫(huà)像，很快在當(dāng)?shù)芈曌u(yù)鵲起，然后很多人前來(lái)要求畫(huà)像；藝術(shù)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)，他們收拾起顏料、畫(huà)布、畫(huà)筆去各地巡游，既做房屋裝飾又畫(huà)人物肖像，是一件非常值得的事情。
passage3
crows
crowsareprobablythemostfrequentlymatnumberoftales,legends,andmythsaboutthesebirdsindictherhand,whenitcomestosubstantive─particularlybehavioral─information,crowsarelesswellknownthanmanycomparablycommonspeciesand,forthatmatter,notafewquiteuncommonones,theendangeredcaliforniacondor,serversandquicklearners,theyareastuteabouttheintentionsofothercreatures,includingresearchers,etheyaresonumerous,active,andmonochro
matic,,radiotransmitters,orotheridentifyingdevicescanbeattachedtothem,butthisofcourserequirescatchinglivecrows,caldifficultiesaside,crowresminentgeneralists,membersofthisspeciesingeniouslyexploitagreatrangeofhabitatsandresources,oeducable,individualbirdshavemarkedlydifferentinterestsandinclinations,mple,onepedogescaped,
烏鴉
烏鴉可能是美國(guó)本土動(dòng)物中最常見(jiàn)、也是最容易識(shí)別的成員（物種）。關(guān)于它的奇聞異事和神話傳說(shuō)（故事、傳說(shuō)和神話）流傳眾多，可見(jiàn)，人們對(duì)它的濃厚興趣由來(lái)已久。另一方面，在提及對(duì)它的本性——特別是行為方面的了解時(shí)，與其他同樣普通和一些非常罕見(jiàn)的物種——一個(gè)顯而易見(jiàn)的例子是加州瀕臨滅絕的禿鷲——相比，它更鮮為人知。這其中有一些實(shí)際的原因。
眾所周知，野外的烏鴉研究成果甚少，并讓研究者苦惱不已。它們觀察敏銳，領(lǐng)悟快捷，善于分辨其他動(dòng)物和研究人員的意圖，并能巧妙地避開(kāi)他們。由于烏鴉數(shù)量眾多、顏色單
一、機(jī)警靈活，人們很難把它們區(qū)分開(kāi)來(lái)。人們當(dāng)然可以把腳環(huán)、無(wú)線電發(fā)射機(jī)和其他識(shí)別裝置縛在烏鴉身上，但這卻要滿足一個(gè)前提，那就是活抓烏鴉——但這卻是最為機(jī)警、最難抓到的鳥(niǎo)類之一。
烏鴉的研究之所以令人卻步，撇開(kāi)技術(shù)上的困難不談，其原因之一便是它們生活方式復(fù)雜多變。它們是超凡的多面手，其種族中的一些成員創(chuàng)造性地開(kāi)發(fā)了大量的棲息地、利用大量的資源，而且能很快適應(yīng)環(huán)境的變化。由于善于學(xué)習(xí)，每個(gè)烏鴉個(gè)體都有迥然不同的興趣、愛(ài)好，策略和花招。比如，有一只寵物烏鴉，學(xué)會(huì)將狗窩上的門(mén)閂拉開(kāi)放狗出窩。狗出窩后，它便進(jìn)去，享用了狗的美食。
passage4
lifeonearth
lifeorigtherthreebillionyears’stransitionfromtheseatothelanrmsoflifewereabletomakesuchadrasticchangeinlifestylethetraditionalviewofthefirstterrestrialorganismsisbasedonmegafossarplants,relatedtomodernseedplantsandferns,eofthis,ithasbeencommonlyassumedthatthesequenceofterreview,primitivevascularplatsfirstcolonizedthemarginsofcontinentalwaters,followedbyanimalsthatfedontheplants,er,themegafossilssuggestthatterrestriallifeappearedanddiversifiedexplosivelyneartheboundarybetweenthesilurianandthedevonianperiods,ly,however,paleontologistshavebeentakingaclosesoutthatsomefossihniquehasuncoverednewevidencefromsedimentsthatweredepositedneartheshoresoftheanightheywereentombedintherocksforhundredsofmillionsofyears,ewlydiscoveredfossilshavenotonlyrevealedtheexistenceofpreviouslyunknownorganisms,buthavealsopwsabouhthos
在地球形成不到十億年的時(shí)間后，生命就起源于早期的海洋了。然而（按照以前通行的觀點(diǎn)），要再過(guò)30億年，第一批動(dòng)植物才出現(xiàn)在大陸上?；蛟S，正如生命的起源一樣，生命從海洋向陸地的過(guò)渡，同樣在進(jìn)化論上受到質(zhì)疑。
什么形式的生命能使其生活方式發(fā)生如此驚人的變化？對(duì)于第一批登陸的生物，傳統(tǒng)的觀點(diǎn)是建立在巨化石基礎(chǔ)上的，這些巨化石是一些基本上完整的動(dòng)植物的較大標(biāo)本。與現(xiàn)代種子植物和蕨類植物有種屬相關(guān)的微管植物，留下了一批巨化石記錄。因此，人們可以推測(cè)，生命登陸的次序反映了現(xiàn)代陸生系統(tǒng)的進(jìn)化。按照這種觀點(diǎn)，維管植物首先移居到大陸水域的周邊，其次是以這種植物為食的動(dòng)物，最后是吃這種食草動(dòng)物的動(dòng)物。而且，巨化石也表明（提示），在四億多年前的志留紀(jì)和盆泥紀(jì)之間的期間（在志留紀(jì)和盆泥紀(jì)之間的期間，即四億多年前），陸生生命已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)，種類也急劇增加。
但是最近，古生物學(xué)家一直對(duì)志留紀(jì)-盆泥紀(jì)抵制界限以下的積淀物進(jìn)行更為周密的調(diào)查。結(jié)果表明，將巖石放在一些盛有酸的容器里，一些化石就能從這些沉淀物中離析出來(lái)。這項(xiàng)技術(shù)從古海洋岸邊的沉積物中又發(fā)現(xiàn)了新的證據(jù)——植物的微小化石以及在顯微鏡才可以看得見(jiàn)的小動(dòng)物的碎片。多數(shù)情況下，標(biāo)本的直徑不足1/10微米。盡管他們?cè)趲r石中埋藏了數(shù)億年，許多化石仍遺留有生物體的有機(jī)物質(zhì)。
這些新發(fā)現(xiàn)的化石不僅揭示了先前不為人質(zhì)的有機(jī)體的存在，也將多細(xì)胞生物進(jìn)居陸地的時(shí)間向前推移。我們對(duì)早期動(dòng)植物群體（群落）本質(zhì)的看法正得以修正，隨之而來(lái)的是對(duì)第一批陸生生命的新推斷。
passage5
historicalmethods
whiletherearealmostasmanydefinitionsofhistoryastherearehistorians,modernpracticemostcloselyconformstoonethatseeshistointhewebofitsowntimeandplace,eachgenesearchtheevidencefoundisalwaysincompleteandscattered;nyofthehistorian’scraftisthatitspractitionersastinhistoricalmethodshasarisenlessthroughexternalchallengetothevalidityofhistoryasanintellectuaistoryoncerevereditsaffinitytoliteratureandphilosophy,theemergingsocialsciencesseemedtoaffordgreateropportunitiesforaskingnewquesciencemethodologieshadtobeadaptedtoadisciplinegovernedbytheprimacyofhistoricalsourcesrather
thistransfer,traditionalhistoricalmethodswereaugmentedbyadditionalmethodologologsnoagreementwhethermethodologyreferstotheconceptspeculiartohistoricalworkingeneralortothereseaians,especiallythosesoblindedbytheirresearchintereststhattheyhavebeenaccusedof“tunnelmethod,”frequentlyfallvictimtothe“technicistfallacy.”alsocommoninthenaturalsciences,thetechnicistfallacymistakenlyidentifiesthiesequallytotraditionalhistorianswhoviewhistoryasonlytheexternalandinternalcriticismofsources,andtosocilary:
practice:custom
create:makesthfromthepastexitagainorseemtoexistagain
affinity:acloseconnectionbetweentwothingsbecauseofqualitiesorfeaturesthattheyshare
revere:respectandadmire
primacy:thestateofbeingthemostimportantthingorperson
inherent:aqualitythatisinherentinsomethingisanaturalpartofitandcannotbeseparatedfromit
equate:toconsiderthattwoormorethingsaresimilarorconnected
key
歷史研究方法
雖然每一位歷史學(xué)家對(duì)歷史有自己的界定，但是，現(xiàn)代最習(xí)慣的做法是，將歷史看著是對(duì)過(guò)去重大事件進(jìn)行再現(xiàn)并予以解釋。每一代的歷史學(xué)家，總會(huì)根據(jù)自身所處的時(shí)代和位置，重新判定過(guò)去的事件中哪些是重要的。這樣找到的證據(jù)往往是不完全的、零散的；也常常是片面的、有著個(gè)人偏見(jiàn)的。對(duì)歷史學(xué)家研究技藝的諷刺在于，運(yùn)用這一技藝的人總是知道，他們所付出的努力不過(guò)是在給一個(gè)無(wú)邊無(wú)際的過(guò)程不斷加磚添瓦。
人們對(duì)歷史學(xué)研究方法產(chǎn)生興趣原因有二，其主要原因是歷史學(xué)家內(nèi)部意見(jiàn)不統(tǒng)一，其次原因是，將歷史學(xué)作為一門(mén)需要智力活動(dòng)參與（進(jìn)行分析和研究）的學(xué)科是否合理，外界持尚有懷疑態(tài)度。雖然以前的歷史學(xué)重視與文學(xué)和哲學(xué)的緊密關(guān)系，但是在提出新問(wèn)題、并為理解過(guò)去提供有益的方法方面，新興的社會(huì)科學(xué)似乎提供了更多的機(jī)會(huì)。社會(huì)科學(xué)方法論必須調(diào)整之后適應(yīng)這樣的學(xué)科：它由歷史資料的重要程度決定，而非根據(jù)當(dāng)代世界所必不可少的需求決定。
在歷史學(xué)的研究中還有其他的一些方法是用來(lái)解釋歷史資料的。而在上一轉(zhuǎn)化過(guò)程中，這些方法使得傳統(tǒng)研究方法更為有效。
在歷史學(xué)界，方法論是一個(gè)從根本上就非常含糊的術(shù)語(yǔ)。它到底是普通歷史研究中所特有的概念，還是適合于各個(gè)分支領(lǐng)域的研究技巧，人們對(duì)此尚無(wú)定論。歷史學(xué)家，特別是那些盲目從于自己的研究興趣、因而被指責(zé)為使用“井蛙（狹隘）方法”的歷史學(xué)家，常常成為“技術(shù)謬誤”的犧牲品。同樣，在自然科學(xué)領(lǐng)域，技術(shù)謬誤
也錯(cuò)誤地將學(xué)科看成是由一些技術(shù)運(yùn)用所組成的整體。這種謬誤同樣存在于傳統(tǒng)歷史學(xué)派和社會(huì)科學(xué)歷史學(xué)派的身上，前者認(rèn)為歷史就是史學(xué)界內(nèi)部和外部人士對(duì)各種史料的評(píng)議；后者認(rèn)為歷史的研究應(yīng)該是某些具體技術(shù)的運(yùn)用。
passage6
themethodofscientificinvestigation
themethodofscientificinvestigationisnothingbuttheexpressionofthenecessarymodeofworkingofthehumanmind;itissimplythemodebywhicsnomoredifference,butthereisjustthesamekindofdifference,betweenthementaloperationsofamanofscienceandthoseofanordinaryperson,asthereisbetweentheoperationsandmethodsofabakerorofabutcherweighingouthisgoodsincommonscales,andtheoperationsofachemistinperformingadiffitthatthescalesintheonecase,andthebalanceintheother,differintheprinciplesoftheirconstructionormannerofworking;butthatthelatterisamuchfineraplunderstandthisbetter,perhaps,eallhearditrepeatedthatmenofscienceworkbymeansofinductionanddeduction,thatbythehelpoftheseoperations,they,inasortofsense,managetoextractfromnaturecertainnaturallaws,andthatoutofthese,bysomespecialskilloftheirown,simaginedbymanythattheoperationsofthecommonmindcanbebynomeanscomparedwiththeseprocesses,alltheselargewords,youwouldthinkthatthemindofamanofsciencemustbeconstituteddifferentlyfromthatofhisfellowmen;butifyouwillnotbefrightenedbyterms,youwilldiscoverthatyouarequitewrong,andthatalltheseterribleasawell-knownincidentinoneofmoliere‘splays,wheretheauthormakestheheroexpressunboundeddelameway,itrustthatyouwilltakecomfort,andbedelightedwithyourselves,onthediscoverythatyouhavebeenactingonthlythereisnotoneherewhohasnotinthecourseofthedayhadoccasiontosetinmotionacomplextrainofreasoning,oftheverysamekind,thoughdifferingindegree,asthatwhi
科學(xué)研究的方法
科學(xué)研究的方法只是人類思維中必要的工作方式的表現(xiàn)，正是通過(guò)這種方式，人類對(duì)一切現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行邏輯推理，并做出精確的解釋?？茖W(xué)家的思維活動(dòng)與普通人的思維活動(dòng)之間并無(wú)實(shí)質(zhì)的區(qū)別，其區(qū)別有如面包師或者肉匠用普通磅秤稱量他們的物品，而化學(xué)家則用天平和精確/細(xì)致分級(jí)的砝碼來(lái)進(jìn)行難度很大和復(fù)雜深入的分析一樣。并不是因?yàn)樵谇耙环N情況下的磅秤與后一種情況下的天平在構(gòu)造原理或工作方式上有何不同，只是因?yàn)樘炱绞歉鼮榫艿膬x器，與磅秤比較起來(lái)，其稱量結(jié)果自然要精確得多。
如果我給你（可省去）舉一些非常熟悉的例子，或許你會(huì)理解得更清楚。你會(huì)多次聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)科學(xué)家們是運(yùn)用歸納法和演繹法工作，而且，在某種意義上，他們運(yùn)用這些思維方式從自然界中總結(jié)出一些自然規(guī)則，然后運(yùn)用特殊的技巧，在這些自然規(guī)則的基礎(chǔ)上建立自己的理論。因此，很多人認(rèn)為，普通人的思維活動(dòng)決不能與科學(xué)家的思維活動(dòng)堪比；只有通過(guò)某種特殊訓(xùn)練，普通人才能獲得這些思維過(guò)程。聽(tīng)到這些夸張的說(shuō)法，你或許會(huì)認(rèn)為科學(xué)家的大腦和普通人的大腦在構(gòu)造上不相一樣；但是如果你不被這些大話（夸張的說(shuō)法）唬住，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)你弄錯(cuò)
了：在你生命中的每天、每時(shí)、每刻，你都在運(yùn)用這些絕妙的思維方法。
在莫里哀的戲劇中有一個(gè)眾所周知的情節(jié)：主人公在聽(tīng)到別人夸贊他畢生都是出口成章時(shí)，他表現(xiàn)出無(wú)盡的喜悅。同樣，我相信，當(dāng)你發(fā)現(xiàn)（在科學(xué)家運(yùn)用科學(xué)思維的同時(shí)，）你也一樣基于歸納法和演繹法原理行事，你會(huì)感到十分慰籍，也會(huì)對(duì)自己也非常滿意。（在座）每一個(gè)人在一天中都有可能有機(jī)會(huì)開(kāi)動(dòng)一輛思維的列車進(jìn)行（一連串）復(fù)雜的推理，這與科學(xué)家在探尋自然現(xiàn)象時(shí)的思維活動(dòng)相比，雖然程度有些不同，但其性質(zhì)卻完全一樣。
asecretary’sjob
althoughthesecretaryismostoftenthoughtofas”she”andtheexecutiveas“he”,itisn’talwaysnecessarilyso!intheearlydaysofofficework,mostsecretariereisanincreaseinthenumberofmencomingintdcareersanrnolongerdecidedbysex,asthepersonhasthequalityofbeingagoodsecretary,mple,whenthebosshasanurgentbudgetmeeting,ossisgoingtogiveadinnerparty,heorcretariesshouretaryisveryskilledintypingandusingacomputer,sheismorelikelytoberecommendedforpromotion.一份秘書(shū)的工作
通常秘書(shū)一般都被想成是“她”而執(zhí)行者是“他”，但這不是必然的！在最初的辦公室工作中，幾乎所有的秘書(shū)都是男性，因?yàn)榕员徽J(rèn)為是無(wú)法勝任如此難的工作?，F(xiàn)在越來(lái)越多的男性加入到秘書(shū)的工作領(lǐng)域而許多女性加入到執(zhí)行者的行列。工作和經(jīng)歷不在取決于性別而是能力。只要這個(gè)人有成為好秘書(shū)的資質(zhì)，他或她將得到這份工作。好的秘書(shū)經(jīng)常是受歡迎的。一個(gè)好的秘書(shū)必須有出色的辦公室工作潛質(zhì)。例如：當(dāng)老板正在開(kāi)一個(gè)緊急預(yù)算會(huì)議，秘書(shū)就不能打擾他。如果老板要開(kāi)一個(gè)晚宴，他或她在這之前要預(yù)定一個(gè)合適的酒店。好的秘書(shū)還必須要注重他們的形象，穿著時(shí)尚整齊。他們要最少流利的講一門(mén)外語(yǔ)。如果一個(gè)秘書(shū)非常熟練并且有技巧的掌握電腦，那么她很有可能被推薦升職。
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三年級(jí)短文閱讀訓(xùn)練篇五
短文改錯(cuò)專練：march 29th, dear diary, i’m writing this at my ’s almost midnight and i have to getting up early tomorrow, but i can’t sleep.i’m thinking about my future!every day, my parents asks me, “what do you want to be when you grow?” the problem is: i don’t know!my mom always says, “be a doctor!” and she doesn’t understand — to be a doctor, you have to study for a long, long time and that’s not her idea of i’m really bad at biology at the dad says, “be a pilot!” is he crazy? he knew i hate flying!
now i’m getting tiring, so i’m going to bed.i can think about my future in bed.i get my best ideas when i’m lain down.i have known my friend rebecca for a long firstly met at a friend’s birthday party five years found out that we both liked singing and dancing, so i invited rebecca over to my listened to the music together and soon became best years ago, rebecca’s parents invited me go on holiday with is spent three wonderful weeks in a little a and i loved walking along the beautifully took a lot of photos and had a lot of year, rebecca’s father changed her job, and they moved to other then we haven’t seen each other very much, but we’ve talked in the phone and we’ve written emails to each joe, how are you? thanks to your post — good to know when you’re ok.i’ve got news too.i’m going on holiday next weeks with my brother and anna, a friend from ’re going to stay on a farm with four days!we’re going to look after the animals and doing some horse-riding.i’m sure i’ll love know how crazy i am about the animals!i want to learn all about the cows or the horses.i hope i will have some times to go walking in the hills, , right now i’m going to finish homework — lots to do before the holiday!i’ll write to you when i get back to telling you about my , 4 nadia people had always been interested in interest may have begun with the honey what bees the fact, it has been found that people have been eating honey for thousand of the more recently past, people were interested in the way bees made admired the way bees seemed to working so languages even developed expressions about people working like english, for example, we talk with a “busy bee”.now scientists has a new reason to be interested in have discovered that bees able to communicate with each ch has revealed some surprised facts about this, but there are still many day afternoon, i took the no.6 bus to go was crowded on the bus, and i had listened to music by my ly i saw the name of the bus stop that i should get off, so i got off the bus in i arrived home, i realized that i had left my bag on the id card and ten books were in the bag.i was worried and eager to finding it, so i went to the bus companies for ate, at the lost and found, i see my bag.i wanted to thank the person who had found my bag, and the staff there said the person hadn’t left his a good man!
i read an interested piece of news on a newspaper ing to professor richard wiseman, only less than a quarter of the british achieved their new year goals because they do it in the wrong studied 700 volunteers who made a wide ranges of new year goals, including quitting smoking, losing the weight, or gaining a 22 percent of the participants managed to meeting their goals or described their progress like “very successful.” the reason so much failed was that they took the wrong approach and led by self-help books in the wrong tended to spend a lot of time on thinking about the “bad things” what would happen if they did not achieve their goals instead of taking weekends, i went shopping by was a sunny day and i feel very i had bought anything i needed, i went to the bus stop to take a unately, there were too much people at the bus it was my turn to get on, there was no room.i had to wait the next ly, it started to rain.i had no choice but to call a way through the journey, the taxi was broke down.i was filled with angry when i saw an emptier bus go y, i decided to walk home in a an unlucky day!
my name is li hua and i wanted to be class monitor.i am responsible, sociable, or easy-going.i enjoy serving onally, i have vary interests.i love singing and playing the drums as well soccer.i am also a good listener and be always open to different opinions.i am confident that i can do the job a student myself, firstly, i will create an academic atmosphere so that everyone in our classes can improve their those students who is falling behind, i will find ways to help them to catch ly, i will serve as a bridge among teachers and y, i will arrange parties so we can relax.i believe i am the right person to this sarah, i’m writing because i want to apologize to what i did last week.i’m really sorry.i know we said 8:30, and i would’ve gotten here on time if everything hadn’t gone wrongly.i was late because my watch broke and i didn’t know what the time it you see, i would’ve arrived on time if my watch hadn’t i have to walk because i’d missed the b then i fell over and my trousers got dirty, so i had to go home and get i decided to catch another buses, but it was too late.i would have phoned you and my brother had taken my mobile , i hope you aren’t too angrier with to hear you , jack
today my classmate and i went to a farm for a trip.i get up at six o’clock and we set off by the bus, some of us sang, and some of us all had good hours late, we arrived at the gate of the farm, that the farmers were waiting to give us a warm we were shown around the big farm, they began to plant was really a good way to getting close to nature and protect the environment at the same , we had a picnic and it was great fun to eat on the open y, we went home at half past gh all of us was tired, our trip was really very more my father and mother has been wanting me to study think that it’s natural to master a foreign language in an english-speaking country and that studying abroad at early age will enable me to be er, it will be easier to me to gain advanced knowledge of technology, that will prepare me for a brighter er, my good friend, zhang hua doesn’t agree with thought my english is too limited to communicate with s, the cost is too much for his my opinions, i should continue to study in long as i study hard at now, i’ll make great achievements in the ising informs consumers about newer products available on the gives us information with everything from shampoo to toothpaste to computers and there is one serious problems with information are actually very often tells us the products’ benefits but hides its ising not only leads us to buying things that we don’t need and can’t afford, but it confuses our sense reality.“zoom toothpaste prevents bad teeth and gives you the white teeth!” the advertisement tells it doesn’t tell us the complete truth that a health diet and a good toothbrush will have the same grandfather had had enough of his was tired of her scratching all the furnitures and made a he gave her to a friend, who lived on the other side of told his friends that he was getting so old to look after her.a week later, in a very cold winter day, my grandfather returned home from shopping and surprised to see the cat on his grandfather was moved by the fact that his pet had found his way back from the other side of town in such a cold took the cat outside and gave her lots of loving decided he will never give her away n, the arab people who live in the desert, living in a traditional means they live on much the same way as their ancestors who live in traditional societies has strong ties to the s and beliefs have changed very fear that when changes will make their lives worse rather than are passing on with little changes from one generation to the changes do take cultures change, but they change much quickly at some periods than at very recent years, changes have taken place very quickly everywhere, including deserts of southwest asia and north uncle and aunt come home one evening and discovered huge hole in their also found that their dog was dead and their furniture were covered in horrible-smelling by which they saw, they phoned the the police looked into the problem, they were told what had happened seemed that the container holding the wastes from the toilets on a passing plane had burst contents froze in the atmosphere as it fell towards the the resulting block of ice crashed through the roof and broke into piece, killing the dog after melting in their parts in recreation activities help us keep are various kinds of activity in our daily life, for example, listening to music, watching tv, playing chess, or going to i think we’d better to have more outdoor students, we usually sit too longer in the classroom, and as a result our eyes and brains getting it’s a good idea to play basketball, football, table tennis, go swimming, do some runnings, or even go for a brains also need changes to make it smart and a word, exercise is good for the sandra, you’ll never guess where i’m writing this email.a cave!you know we’re on holidays in , we spend a few days in barcelona had a good time there, though one day i didn’t feel very good.i think i ate too much ice cream the day , when i left barcelona, we came to spend a few days in r, we couldn’t get a hotel — too many tourists and not enough bed!then the hotel owner said, “why don’t try the cave hotels?” we thought he were in caves? but there we are and it’s ’re enjoying it much that we don’t know when we’re going to ’re never going to have enough time to explore for care!
ben
my uncle buys a satellite dish, which is a large round piece of metal that receives satellite decided to set up climbed up the ladder and attached the dish with the side of his he finishing, he and my aunt relaxed for the evening in front of the next day was very much hot, and they decided to stay at home and watch afternoon they heard lots of shouting they went outside, they saw that the house opposite were on ately, the fire was putting turned out that the fire had started because my uncle’s satellite dish had been concentrating the sun’s rays on the curtains of her neighbor’s house but had caused the mas is supposed to be a time express our love and goodwill towards is supposed to be a time which we perform acts of kindness for people less fortunate to do we think of the other people when we sat down to our christmas dinner? of course not — we’re too busy eating those delicious foods related with are too busy wondering that the presents we gave were as nice or better than the one we forget to think of the sick and the whole idea of christmas has complete a shame!
a thief broke into our house and filled his bag by our possessions when he suddenly feeling a pair of eyes on g up, he sees an eagle staring at him with cold, merciless first the man was too frightening to move, but after ten minute he tried moving quietly towards the ore, the eyes just followed him and he couldn’t ally, my parents returned to and found the thief in our my father turned the light, the thief could see that the eagle was just a it was too late and she was father said that the toy eagle were better than any watchdog.21
nowadays more and more students were found cheating in copy from each other;some copy from their text books, reference books or prepared note;others use modern communication tool such as mobile ng in exams will cause some worse one thing, it will result unfair competition and destroy the creativity of bright another, students who often cheats in exams will develop bad habits and won’t be able to meet the needs of society in the how can cheating in exams be stopped? on my opinion, severe punishments should be put into the effect to prevent students from the same time, great efforts should be made to make students understood what kind of person society needs or try to build up their jack, i’m glad to learn that you will come beijing to learn about chinese culture as an exchange the moment, i am studying english in my school but i always get better grades in my class.i’m good at the spoken english, so i’m sure i will communicate with you , my parents are open and kind and is friends with many of my classmates.i believe you will be one of their friend ore, i invite you to live in my home during you stay in beijing.i’m willing to helping you as much as i wishes!
yours, li hua
