Professional football in the United States is almost wholly played by native-born American citizens, mostly very large and very strong, many of them black. It is a game of physical strength. Linemen routinely weigh more than 300 pounds. Players are valued for their weigh and muscles, for how fast they can run, and how hard they can hit each other. Football draws the biggest crowds, but the teams play only once a week, because they get so battered.

　　The 67,204 fans were in Miami for the final game of the baseball World Series. Baseball was once America's favorite game, but has lost that claim to basketball.

　　Baseball is a game that requires strength, but not hugeness. Agility, quickness, perfect vision and quick reaction are more important than pure strength. Baseball was once a purely American game, but has spread around much of the New World. In that Sunday's final, the final hit of the extra inning game was delivered by a native of Columbia. The Most Valuable Player in the game was a native of Columbia. The rosters of both teams were awash with Hispanic names, as is Miami, which now claims the World Championship is a game that may be losing popularity in America, but has gained it in much of the rest of the world. Baseball in America has taken on a strong Hispanic flavor, with a dash of Japanese added for seasoning.

　　Soccer, which many countries just call football, is the most widely enjoyed sport in the world. In soccer, which many countries just call football, the ethnic tide has been the reverse of baseball. Until recently, professional soccer in the United States has largely been an import, played by South Americans and Europeans. Now, American citizens in large numbers are finally taking up the most popular game in the world.

　　Basketball, an American invention increasingly played around the world, these days draws large crowds back home. Likewise, hockey, a game largely imported to the United States from neighboring Canada. Lacrosse, a version of which was played by Native Americans before the Europeans arrived, is also gaining a keen national following.

　　Sports of all kinds are winning support from American armchair enthusiasts from a variety of ethnic backgrounds.

　　1.Which of the following can reflect the ever-changing ethnic structure of America?

　　A.Sportsman. B.Audience. C.Both of them. D.None of them.

　　2.Who play professional football in the United States?.

　　A.Native-born American citizens.

　　B.Europeans.

　　C.South Americans.

　　D.Both B and C.

　　3.What is America's favorite game?

　　A. Baseball. B. Basketball.

　　C. Professional football. D. Soccer.

　　4.Which of the following statements about soccer is true?

　　A.In soccer and basketball, the ethnic tide is different.

　　B.Until recently, soccer becomes an important game, so many native Americans play it.

　　C.It is the most popular game in the world, so many American citizens take up it.

　　D.Although soccer is the most popular game in the world, American citizens in large numbers do not like first.

　　5.The author of the passage wants to tell us that ____.

　　A.Americans like sports and sports reveal much about the changing ethnic structure of the United States

　　B.In Washington, several games are played in one day

　　C.Americans like all kinds of games

　　D.The American games are watched by native-Americans and played by people from different countries

　　Keys to Passage 1

　　C A D B A

　　結(jié)合前面所講的必備知識及解題策略進(jìn)一步分析2006年考研大綱中提供的樣題，具體掌握解題思路與策略應(yīng)用。

　　Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41—45, choose the most suitable one from the list A—G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any

　　of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)

　　ong before Man lived on the Earth, there were fishes, reptiles, birds, insects, and some mammals. Although some of　these animals were ancestors of kinds living today, others are now extinct, that is, they have no descendants alive now. 41. Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin, so that, apart from color, we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago. The kind of rock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the original land, often of the plants that grew on it, and even of its climate.

　　42. . Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action, and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water. Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals, birds, and insects, of which we know nothing.

　　43. . There were also crablike creatures, whose bodies were covered with a horny substance. The body segments each had two pairs of legs, one pair for walking on the sandy bottom, the other for swimming. The head was a kind of shield with a pair of compound eyes, often with thousands of lenses. They were usually an inch or two long but some were 2 feet.

　　44. . Of these, the ammonites are very interesting and important. They have a shell composed of many chambers, each representing a temporary home of the animal. As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off the previous one. Thousands of these can be seen in the rocks on the Dorset Coast.

　　45. .About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out. The mammals quickly developed, and we can trace the evolution of many familiar animals such as the elephant and horse. Many of the later mammals, though now extinct, were known to primitive man and were featured by him in cave paintings and on bone carvings.

　　［A］ The shell gush have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known.

　?。跙］ Nevertheless, we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils. From them we can tell their size and shape, how they walked, the kind of food they ate.

　　［C］ The first animals with true backbones were the fishes, first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago. About 300 million years ago the amphibians, the animals able to live both on land and in water, appeared. They were giant, sometimes 8 feet long, and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam, or layer, or formed. The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea, and in the air.

　?。跠］ The best index fossils tend to be marine creatures. These animals evolved rapidly and spread over large areas of the world.

　　［E］ The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forms are more complex, and among these are the sealilies, relations of the starfishes, which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed, or to rocks.

　?。跢］ When an animal dies the body, its bones, or shell, may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea and there get covered up by mud. If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud. More and more mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell become embedded and preserved.

　　［G］ Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks. Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals, dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression, or simply reduced to a more stable form.

　　41.【解析】選［B］。本題主要通過句組關(guān)系的理解來解答。跳過空格閱讀第一段可以看出，本段主要講述了史前動物的存在(第一句)、部分種類的滅絕(空格前第二句，句中they have no descendants alive now是對extinct一詞的解釋)以及從化石(rocks as fossils)中我們所能發(fā)現(xiàn)的數(shù)百萬年前就死掉了的動物的精確印記(空格后第一句)和當(dāng)時的地貌及氣候特征(空格后第二句)。由此，我們就看到了空格前后兩個句組所敘述內(nèi)容之間的矛盾和內(nèi)容上的不足：1)既然已經(jīng)“滅絕”，怎么還能了解有關(guān)的這一切呢？說明空格前的句子與其空格所在的句子之間具有轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。2)空格后第一句中the rocks指的又是什么石頭呢？需要在前有所提及，即正確選項中應(yīng)包含有rock這個詞。能夠同時滿足這兩個條件的只有選項［B］。 ［A］、［E］、［G］中也提到了rock，但在句際關(guān)系上與前后句組不相吻合，故不正確。所以正確答案只能是［B］。

　　42.【解析】選［F］。文章第一段說明了化石是我們研究史前動物的主要依據(jù)，而本段則主要說明了這些化石的形成?？崭窈蟆皫缀跷覀兯乃谢际窃谟捎谒饔枚纬傻膸r石中保存下來的 (Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action) ”一句是一個結(jié)論性表述，之前應(yīng)有“水作用形成的巖石(rocks formed by water action)”這一過程的細(xì)節(jié)描述。［F］的內(nèi)容正好說明死去動物的尸體是如何被水和泥沙保存下來的，與此恰相吻合，所以選［F］。此題極易錯選［G］，因為［G］一開始就有how fossils are preserved，后面又出現(xiàn)了impression一詞，在用詞上出現(xiàn)明顯的復(fù)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)象。 但是［G］后面講的是動物遺體上的有機(jī)組織“organism”可能轉(zhuǎn)化成的幾種形式，這與下文的內(nèi)容不相吻合，故不選［G］。

　　43.【解析】選［E］。本題選擇的線索有兩條：1)空格后有“There were also crablike creatures...”，說明空白處應(yīng)有關(guān)于另一類動物的內(nèi)容；2) 從本段開始，文章轉(zhuǎn)向討論由低級向高級進(jìn)化中的動物。［E］開始的部分是“The earliest animals whose remains have been found...”，符合文章寫作的順序。［B］與上文相符，但與下文不符，且與全文結(jié)構(gòu)不相吻合。

　　44.【解析】選［A］。從上一段和本段的 “段際關(guān)系”來看，兩段屬于順接關(guān)系，即兩段在相繼描述兩種不同層級、不同種類的史前動物。從段落結(jié)構(gòu)上來看，兩段的開頭句都是其主題句，下文接著展開進(jìn)行細(xì)節(jié)描述。特別是本段空格后的Of these, ...，標(biāo)志著空格后一句是空格所在句的拓展句。既然下文一開始就有Of these, ...，空白部分就應(yīng)該有“some，several，many”或類似的詞；再者，此段中關(guān)于the ammonites(總類中的一種，考生不必知道其確切含義)的描述，主要闡述了其shell的構(gòu)造，由此說明shell是其主要特征，故在 “總類”的描述(即空缺句)中應(yīng)該含有shell一詞，這就不難判斷答案只能是［A］了。

　　45.【解析】選［C］。此空獨立成段，所以只能從段際關(guān)系來分析。因為前兩段描述了史前動物由低級向高級的進(jìn)化過程，而此段后就是結(jié)尾段，因此此段必然要起“承上啟下”的作用。所謂 “承上”，是指要對上文進(jìn)行一定的概括、總結(jié)；所謂 “啟下”則是要引出下文。下文中的“reptile”在本題空白處前面的文章中從沒有提到，在下文中又沒有作為新信息，因而作為正確答案的選項中一定有這個詞。［C］從375 million years ago的化石的發(fā)現(xiàn)到300 million years ago的化石的發(fā)現(xiàn)，以及此后nearly 150 million years內(nèi)the reptiles的存在，不但對史前動物的進(jìn)化過程做了很好的概括，而且為下文the Age of Reptile的出現(xiàn)打下了伏筆，是一個很好的“承上啟下”的過渡段，所以正確答案只能是［C］。

　　一.為什么要做模擬題

　　很多同學(xué)都在問什么樣的模擬的比較好？要解決這個問題我們必須明確一點就是為什么要做模擬題(作模擬題所帶來的好處)。

　　1. 模擬題所能提高的地方

　　第一， 在作模擬題的過程當(dāng)中可以加強(qiáng)我們的詞匯的記憶，不但可以復(fù)習(xí)背過的單詞，而且可以學(xué)到很多新詞，更重要的是老詞是如何新用的。很多書都強(qiáng)調(diào)在閱讀中背單詞這是很科學(xué)的(語境中記憶單詞)。

　　第二， 可以鍛煉對長難句子的分析和理解，提高一定的閱讀能力。

　　第三， 可以保持對考研式文章的熟悉感覺(語感)相應(yīng)提高對文章的反應(yīng)速度。

　　第四， 可以鍛煉我們的翻譯能力，怎么樣的組織語言使之翻譯通順。

　　第五， 可以積累很多的經(jīng)典句型和閃光詞組為創(chuàng)作高分作文做好準(zhǔn)備。

　　第六， 在答題時可以訓(xùn)練一下由問題返回原文的能力(但是這是模擬題最不足的地方)

　　(注：前五點是我們作題是應(yīng)該做到的)

　　2. 模擬題不足之處

　　第一， 出題點不具有規(guī)律性。在考研真體中大部分問題的出題點都有一定的規(guī)律(以下稍作解釋)

　　第二， 客觀性把握不好。在考研真題中所有題都是客觀的！就是說都是文章告訴我們什么我們才會選什么，沒有一點自己推斷的意思(如果還是自己主觀的推斷那就是真題還沒有研究明白)對于真題推斷題，其中的infer的那些東西都是作者寫好的(已經(jīng)告訴你了)！

　　第三， 所設(shè)問題和選項不論從迷惑性和復(fù)雜程度兩方面來說都不可與真題相提并論！模擬題不是主觀性太強(qiáng)過于難，就是出題過于簡單！

　　第四， 真題選擇文章的的范圍是不會牽扯到政治的！可有的模擬題還出現(xiàn)和政治有關(guān)的東西，明顯看出是拼湊出來的！

　　(注：這些不足之處正是提高閱讀分?jǐn)?shù)的關(guān)鍵)

　　3. 總結(jié)：

　　從以上幾點我們可以看出作模擬題能夠提高我們哪些方面，和其本身局限的方面。作題的時候一定要有目的性！每做完一套題都應(yīng)該有所收獲！一味的追求作題數(shù)量那就是在浪費寶貴的時間！

　　所以選擇模擬書要注意以下幾點：

　　(1) 文章中超綱詞匯不要太多！真題的文章其實從詞匯角度來說是很簡單的！超綱的單詞很少！也就是說真題的難度并不反映在詞匯上！

　　(2) 對于答案要有①文章的整體剖析部分(對文章的總體把握)②詞匯注解(加強(qiáng)語境中詞匯的記憶)③難句分析(提高難句分析能力)④答案解析(最好能說出大蘇在原文的具體位置)⑤參考譯文(有的模擬題很多地方翻譯得不夠準(zhǔn)確)

　　(3) 文章要有時效性！現(xiàn)在的真題所選的文章都是近幾年來經(jīng)濟(jì)方面，社會方面，人文方面，科技方面的文章。都具有時代性！

　　一、掌握文章的組織結(jié)構(gòu)

　　文章和段落在長度上有明顯不同，但是在結(jié)構(gòu)上是非常相似的。段落通常由一個主題句引出，接著是一系列說明主題句的細(xì)節(jié)，最后是結(jié)尾句。同樣，文章是由篇首段、主體段和結(jié)論段三部分組成。引言段揭示主題，正文部分對主題分點闡述，結(jié)論段對全文歸納總結(jié)。同時，無論文章還是段落都要遵循一致性和連貫性的原則?？梢哉f，文章是段落的擴(kuò)展， 段落是文章的縮影。

　　1.篇首段目的在于揭示主題，也就是說，引出文中要討論的核心問題，從而起到統(tǒng)領(lǐng)全文的作用。通常，篇首段由引語句和中心思想句兩部分組成。前者目的是引起讀者的興趣，同時使讀者對文章要討論的問題在心理上有所準(zhǔn)備。后者向讀者交待該文的主題或?qū)懽髂康??？傊?，篇首段的作用就是使讀者順利地進(jìn)入正文。

　　2.主體段一般由若干段落組成，它們從不同的側(cè)面對文章的主題展開討論。各段闡述的內(nèi)容必須與主題一致，有助于說明中心思想，但是只涉及主題的一個方面。

　　3.結(jié)尾段概括全文的內(nèi)容，使讀者對全文有一個完整、清晰的認(rèn)識。它往往使用不同的話重新闡述中心思想，從而與篇首段相呼應(yīng)。

　　二、掌握段落的組織與發(fā)展方式

　　(一)段落的組織結(jié)構(gòu)

　　段落是若干相關(guān)句子圍繞一個中心思想或為表達(dá)一個統(tǒng)一的主題而組合在一起的寫作單位。一般而言，段落結(jié)構(gòu)的組織有如下四種方式：

　　1.演繹型(general-specific)：即段落開頭先給一個General statements，之后為Specific sentences。這種段落組織模式最為常見，而且多應(yīng)用于說明、解釋類主題結(jié)構(gòu)的文章中。

　　2.匹配型(matching)：段落的發(fā)展主線為兩種事物之間的類比，可以是兩種事物各自優(yōu)缺點的一一對應(yīng)，也可以是先介紹完一個事物，再接著介紹另一個事物。這種結(jié)構(gòu)多用于比較類主題結(jié)構(gòu)的文章中。

　　3.假設(shè)—真實型(hypothetical-real)：即作者先提出一種普遍認(rèn)可或某些人認(rèn)可的主張和觀點，然后進(jìn)行澄清，說明自己的主張和觀點，或者說提出反主張或真實情況。這種組織結(jié)構(gòu)常見于反駁類主題結(jié)構(gòu)的文章中。

　　4.問題—解決型(problem-solution)：首先陳述文章背景(situation)，在該背景下問題(problem)提出，然后給出問題的解決方法(solution)或?qū)υ搯栴}的反應(yīng)(response)，最后評估該方法(evaluation)。該模式常用于科學(xué)論文和新聞報道主題結(jié)構(gòu)的文章中。

　　(二)段落的發(fā)展模式

　　1.等級型發(fā)展：即段內(nèi)句際關(guān)系之間存在下定義、比較或?qū)Ρ?、歸類或列舉關(guān)系。

　　2.線型發(fā)展： 1)以時間為順序，常見于記敘文，表示時態(tài)的詞貫穿主線。

　　2)段落各句之間以因果關(guān)系為主線發(fā)展。

　　3)以事物或事件的發(fā)展過程為主線，多見于說明文。

　　(三)段落的組成

　　段落一般由主題句或過渡句、擴(kuò)展句、細(xì)節(jié)句組成。主題句是段落的靈魂，是為整篇文章的中心服務(wù)的，因此每個段落要么有自己的主題句，要么本身沒有主題句，但它是為上文或下文的主題句服務(wù)的，以表明文章的大意；過渡句在文章中起承上啟下的作用，一般有順接關(guān)系(對上文內(nèi)容的繼續(xù)和發(fā)展)和轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系(表示作者轉(zhuǎn)變敘述或表達(dá)角度)；擴(kuò)展句是用具體的事實去擴(kuò)展、證明或支持前面主題句的句子；細(xì)節(jié)句的存在形式和擴(kuò)展句相似，只是它是為后面的主題句服務(wù)的。

　　段落是文章的組成部分，它從某一方面闡述、說明整篇文章的主題。好的段落應(yīng)清晰地、有條理地、有依據(jù)地表述一個中心思想。具體來說，好的段落具備以下三個要素：

　　1.中心突出

　　段落中心突出會給讀者一目了然的感覺，否則就會顯得雜亂無章。突出段落中心的一個重要手段就是主題句。主題句通常置于段落之首，這符合英語的語篇思維特征，先采用主題句開門見山地擺出問題，隨之輔以細(xì)說。其作用是便于讀者迅速把握主題，抓住段落的中心思想。當(dāng)然，也有段落主題句設(shè)在段尾，相當(dāng)于對上文的總結(jié)，考生應(yīng)該能夠辨明。

　　2.思想上保持一致(unity)

　　主題句確立后，還要注意說明、解釋主題句的內(nèi)容是否與主題相符?？傊?，一個段落只能有一個中心，段落中所有內(nèi)容都必須圍繞這一中心展開。

　　3.內(nèi)容上連貫(coherence)

　　連貫的段落結(jié)構(gòu)清晰，邏輯性強(qiáng)，過渡自然，使讀者容易跟上作者的思路去理解其意圖。

　　當(dāng)然，做閱讀理解Part B部分時還要考慮段際關(guān)系，即段落與段落之間的關(guān)系。段際關(guān)系可能是順接關(guān)系、轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系、例證關(guān)系或?qū)Ρ扰c對照關(guān)系。段際關(guān)系的理解是理解過渡句使用的前提條件。還有一種特殊的段際關(guān)系，即過渡關(guān)系，兩個段落之間有一個過渡段起承上啟下的作用。

　　　三、了解常見的句際關(guān)系及語篇標(biāo)識詞

　　句際關(guān)系主要是考察空白處與前后句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系。句子與句子之間的關(guān)系可能是顯性的，也可能是隱性的。顯性的句際關(guān)系有明顯的標(biāo)志詞出現(xiàn)，這會給考生理解文章的發(fā)展脈絡(luò)帶來很大方便。句際關(guān)系主要有以下幾種：

　　1.順接關(guān)系(順承關(guān)系或并列關(guān)系)：后句是前句的延續(xù)或補充，標(biāo)識詞主要有then, after that, furthermore, also, when(this happens)等。2.轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系：前后兩句意思相反，標(biāo)識詞通常有but, however, nevertheless, (al)though, in fact等。3.例證關(guān)系：即論據(jù)對于論點的論證關(guān)系。典型標(biāo)識詞是for example, for instance， take...as an example等。4.因果關(guān)系：前因后果，或前果后因?？赡艹霈F(xiàn)的標(biāo)識詞有for, as a result, as a consequence, consequently, therefore, accordingly等。5.對比、對照關(guān)系：對比關(guān)系說明前后內(nèi)容的相同之處，可能出現(xiàn)similarly, like等標(biāo)志詞；對照關(guān)系則說明前后內(nèi)容的不同之處，標(biāo)識詞通常有as a contrast, on the contrary, on the one hand...on the other hand等。

　　四、理解文章中詞匯的語義特征上文提到了從整體把握文章的命脈。另外，文章中的某些關(guān)鍵詞也能為考生提供線索。在選擇時，盡量往這些關(guān)鍵詞上“靠”，可以避免離題太遠(yuǎn)。以下三類詞的作用不容忽視：(一)名詞表主題　When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet. But the 47yearold manicurist isn’t cutting, filing or polishing as many nails as she’d like to, either. Most of her clients spend ＄12 to ＄50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames the softening economy. “I’m a good economic indicator”, she says. “I provide a service that people can do without when they’re concerned about saving some dollars.” So Spero is downscaling, shopping at middlebrow Dillard’s department store near her suburban Cleveland home, instead of Neiman Marcus. “I don’t know if other clients are going to abandon me, too,”she says.文中的這些名詞為考生提供了一條主線，即使沒完全讀懂，但通過這些名詞考生也可以確定這是一篇與經(jīng)濟(jì)有關(guān)的文章，每句話都沒離開這個主題?？梢栽O(shè)想一下，如果把其中的任何一句刪去，然后讓考生選擇后補上，在遵循以“經(jīng)濟(jì)”為線索的前提下都是很容易解決的。也就是說這些名詞表明了這篇文章的主題。

　　(二)動詞表變化All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America’s industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.動詞是各種變化最明顯的體現(xiàn)，它可以表明文中所述情況的變化、作者態(tài)度的變化以及情感的變化等。本段文字中，先不看其它文字，只看這些關(guān)鍵的動詞“caused”、“stopped”、“began to believe”、“begin to fall”、“decline”就可以表明這是一種由好到壞或由壞到好的變化，再結(jié)合其他部分可以更加肯定這一點，因為文中所述正是關(guān)于美國經(jīng)濟(jì)引發(fā)的一場信任危機(jī)，以及這場危機(jī)給人們帶來的情感及經(jīng)濟(jì)方面的變化。

　　(三)形容詞表態(tài)度Even before Alan Greenspan’s admission that America’s redhot economy is cooling, lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves. From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending. For retailers, who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time. Already, experts say, holiday sales are off 7 percent from last year’s pace. But don’t sound any alarms just yet. Consumers seem only mildly concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy’s longterm prospects even as they do some modest belttightening.在閱讀理解Part A部分經(jīng)常會遇到表明作者態(tài)度的題，同樣，在Part B部分如果能明確把握作者的態(tài)度對解題也是很關(guān)鍵的，而形容詞是最能體現(xiàn)作者態(tài)度的關(guān)鍵詞。以此段為例，前半部分都是關(guān)于美國經(jīng)濟(jì)不景氣的描述，如果只看到這些，一定會認(rèn)為下文也應(yīng)該是一些消極方面的描述。但其實本段的關(guān)鍵在后面，消費者的“only mildly concerned”和“not panicked”以及最明顯的一個形容詞“optimistic”都與前面的情況形成鮮明的對比，表明了作者的態(tài)度。如果在此段后設(shè)題進(jìn)行選擇，考生就不得不考慮這些因素了。

　　五、掌握詞匯和語法的銜接

　　詞匯或語法銜接(cohesion)指篇章中通過語法手段或不同的詞匯形式以達(dá)到語義上的銜接連貫，這種聯(lián)系表現(xiàn)為以下幾種：

　　(一)重復(fù)(reiteration)1.原詞的重復(fù)，又叫原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)，指同一主題詞或關(guān)鍵詞的重復(fù)出現(xiàn)。2.同義或近義詞的銜接，又叫同義復(fù)現(xiàn)，指同義詞、近義詞重復(fù)出現(xiàn)在語篇中，語篇中的句子通過這種關(guān)系達(dá)到了相互銜接。坐標(biāo)詞與下義詞的銜接，上坐標(biāo)詞是指那些意義較概括的詞，它們的詞義包括了下義詞的詞義，如bird就是swallow的上坐標(biāo)詞。上坐標(biāo)詞與下義詞在語篇中相互銜接。

　　(二)共現(xiàn)(cooccurrence)：又叫搭配性銜接(collocation cohesion)，意指一系列相關(guān)的詞項在篇章中的經(jīng)常共現(xiàn)。搭配性銜接對語言信息的生成和解釋均有一定的指導(dǎo)作用，有助于對篇章的潛在的語義演進(jìn)(semantic evolution)做出預(yù)測和推測(anticipation and prediction)。

　　(三)替代(substitution)：語篇中的代詞構(gòu)成了替代銜接關(guān)系，一般而言，one指代前面的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞；that指代前面的不可數(shù)名詞或句子；this指代前面的單數(shù)名詞或句子；it指代前面的單數(shù)名詞或整個句子；they或them指代前面的復(fù)數(shù)名詞